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“Blacks faced a neo-slave system when the Civil War ended.  Cotton still had to be picked, tobacco fields needed to be tended, and menial labor was required for the industries of the New South.  It has been documented that share cropping, debt peonage, and convict lease were means used to resubjugate black labor and that the South sought through jim crow, night riders, and lynch law to nullify the civil and political rights guaranteed to blacks under the Thirteenth, Fourteenth, and Fifteenth amendments.  But another tool was also used against blacks: industrial education.”
~Donald Spivey, Schooling for the New Slavery

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